NVOCC register created and minimum standards set for the
Issuance of NVOCC Bills of Lading
FMC defines NVOCC – Non-Vessel-Operating Common Carrier as:
- A common carrier that holds itself out to the public to provide ocean transportation, issues its own house bill of lading or equivalent document and does not operate the vessels by which ocean transportation is provided
- A shipper in its relationship with the vessel-operating common carrier involved in the movement of cargo
As there is no global regulatory body to register, control or regulate NVOCCs around the world, it is difficult to see how many NVOCCs are currently in operation around the world or where they are based..
- It is widely believed that the US market has the largest number of NVOCC operators in the world.. USA may also be one of the few countries where an NVOCC needs to be registered prior to offering services..
- NVOCC registration is also required in China as per certain publications which say that the operator must be registered with Ministry of Transportation..
- Not just in terms of their registration, but there doesn’t seem to be a clear definition on whether the NVOCC operator needs to register their bill of lading or not..
- Similarly, the requirement or need for registration of an NVOCC in other major jurisdictions is clear as mud..
What is the function of an NVOCC..??
An NVOCC is often termed as a “carrier to shippers” and “shipper to carriers”.. What does this mean..??
At the most basic level, an NVOCC enters into volume-based ocean freight arrangements with the various shipping lines operating across the various trade lanes.. An NVOCC then creates their own tariff based on which they sell space on these liner services to their various clients..
Depending on certain jurisdictions and markets, NVOCC’s activities may include but not restricted to below :
Ok, now to the subject of this post..
The ICC International Maritime Bureau (IMB) estimates from its work in verifying Bills of Lading that over 95% of all improperly issued Bills of Lading are issued by – yeah you guessed it – Non-Vessel Operating Common Carriers (NVOCCs)..
The IMB identified that there is a prevalence of issuance of incorrect NVOCC bills of lading by the NVOCC which is then presented to banks and other stakeholders in the trading and finance chain, with the aim of defrauding the trade finance system, possibly for the purposes of multiple financing, money laundering, etc..
The IMB has developed a business solution to mitigate the effects of this problem..
The IMB has established a register for Non Vessel Operating Common Carriers (the Register) who agree to abide by the IMB Code of Conduct for the proper issuance of NVOCC Bills of Lading..
The purpose of the Register is to improve anti-fraud standards and provide a mechanism to recognise participating NVOCCs who adhere to a minimum standard of anti-fraud measures in their operations..
Banks who are members of the IMB can now check whether the NVOCC named on the bill of lading presented to them has signed up to the IMB Code of Conduct..
This provides some sort of assurance to the banks and customers that the NVOCC bills of lading issued by these NVOCCs meet acceptable standards.. There are of course consequences for NVOCCs who fail to comply..
TT Club noted that in terms of banking scrutiny, The International Chamber of Commerce’s Commercial Crime Services division has a primary function of protecting the integrity of international trade by seeking out fraud and malpractice and providing reports based on this activity to its members..
Commercial banks conduct thousands of investigations each year in relation to fraudulent bills of lading and these investigations are undertaken by the IMB..
As part of the investigation process, IMB conducts due diligence on all trade documents, including bills of lading, and seeks independent third-party verification to provide an extra level of confidence in transactions..
Safeguard against shipping and freight fraudThis supports banks in relation to their compliance procedures to prevent fraud, money laundering and sanctions breaches, especially since banks are not obligated or have no resources to verify if the goods have been shipped on board..
Suspect bills of lading are those which have false content including the wrong ship, dates, description of cargoes, container numbers or parties..
Perpetrators present such bills of lading to banks to facilitate fraudulent activity including money laundering, fraud, illegal capital flight and to by-pass sanctions..
Shipping and Freight Resource fully supports this initiative of the IMB which sets out the standards for the issuance of NVOCC bills of lading, and also the fact that there will now be a register where NVOCCs can be tracked..
What is your opinion on this initiative..??
This is hugely beneficial to the shipping and freight industry and will surely reduce potential exposures to fraudulent activity throughout the supply chain..
Hopefully, in due course, this will become a regulatory requirement for NVOCCs and maybe even Freight Forwarders, much like a customs broker or clearing agent licence.
PS: As a point of interest, only the ICC and IMB seems to be expanding NVOCC as Non-Vessel Owning Common Carrier whereas everyone else including FMC, World Shipping Council, TT Club seems to expanding NVOCC as Non-Vessel Operating Common Carrier..
Although it could mean both Owning or Operating, would be interesting to hear the rationale.
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폰테크
모바일 폰테크란 휴대폰을 이용해 빠르게 현금을 확보하는 정상적인 금융 활용 구조입니다. 기존의 단순한 휴대폰 구매와는 다르게 통신 구조와 유통 경로를 이용해 실질적인 자금 확보가 가능한 방식이며, 진행 과정이 간단하고 진입 장벽이 낮다는 특징이 있습니다. 은행 대출이 부담되거나 급전이 필요한 상황에서 현실적인 선택지로 고려됩니다.
이 방식의 구조는 비교적 간단합니다. 통신사 정책에 맞춰 휴대폰을 개통한 후, 개통된 휴대폰을 전문 매입 업체에 판매합니다. 가격은 모델과 시장 시세, 조건에 따라 달라지며, 판매 대금은 현금 또는 계좌이체로 지급됩니다. 이후 발생하는 요금과 할부금은 사용자 책임으로 관리해야 하며, 이 부분에 대한 관리가 매우 중요합니다. 이는 불법 대출과는 다른 구조로, 기기를 자산화하는 개념으로 이해할 수 있습니다.
폰테크는 일반적인 은행 대출과 비교했을 때 뚜렷한 차이가 있습니다. 복잡한 심사나 서류 절차가 거의 없고, 단시간 내 자금 마련이 가능하다는 점이 가장 큰 특징입니다. 금융 이력이 남지 않기 때문에 신용도에 부담을 느끼는 경우에도 접근이 가능합니다. 하지만 통신요금 미납이나 연체가 발생할 경우 신용 상태에 불리하게 작용할 수 있으므로 신중한 관리가 반드시 필요합니다.
이 방식을 선택하는 배경은 여러 가지입니다. 갑작스럽게 현금이 필요한 상황, 신용 문제로 대출이 어려운 경우, 단기적인 자금 회전이 필요한 경우 등 여러 목적에서 활용됩니다. 특히 빠른 자금 유동성이 필요한 경우 현실적인 대안으로 선택되는 경우가 많습니다.
폰테크를 통해 마련한 자금은 주식이나 코인 투자, 사업 자금, 생활비 등 여러 방식으로 활용될 수 있습니다. 다만 자금 사용에 대한 책임은 모두 본인에게 있으며, 투자에는 항상 손실의 가능성이 존재한다는 점을 충분히 인지해야 합니다. 이 방식은 이익을 약속하는 구조가 아니라 자금 확보 목적의 수단이라는 점을 명확히 해야 합니다.
해당 방식은 합법적이지만 유의해야 할 점이 있습니다. 과도한 휴대폰 개통은 통신사 제재의 대상이 될 수 있으며, 요금 납부 능력을 고려하지 않은 진행은 부담이 될 수 있습니다. 비정상적인 수익을 약속하거나 명의를 요구하는 경우는 주의해야 하며, 모든 과정은 반드시 본인 명의로 정상 진행되어야 합니다.
정리하자면, 해당 방식은 통신 구조를 이용한 정상적인 자금 마련 수단으로, 충분한 이해와 책임 있는 관리가 동반될 경우 단기 자금 확보에 도움이 될 수 있습니다. 가장 중요한 것은 충분한 정보와 합리적인 결정입니다.
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